JIO_OK ("jump if I/O OK") tests whether CPL ≤ IOPL. The same check gates PUSHF, POPF, INT n, and IRET. The monitor then emulates each instruction as appropriate: maintaining a virtual interrupt flag per V86 task, reflecting software interrupts through the real-mode interrupt vector table, virtualizing I/O accesses, and so on.
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Cursor uses Apple’s Seatbelt (sandbox-exec) on macOS and Landlock plus seccomp on Linux. It generates a dynamic policy at runtime based on the workspace: the agent can read and write the open workspace and /tmp, read the broader filesystem, but cannot write elsewhere or make network requests without explicit approval. This reduced agent interruptions by roughly 40% compared to requiring approval for every command, because the agent runs freely within the fence and only asks when it needs to step outside.